Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
The seed of AI and the concept of intelligent machines may be found in Greek mythology. Intelligent artifacts appear in literature since then, with mechanical devices actually demonstrated to behave with some degree of intelligence. Some of these conceptual achievements are listed below.
“In ancient history, Greek myths of Hephaestus, the blacksmith who manufactured mechanical servants, and the bronze man Talos incorporate the idea of intelligent robots. Many mechanical toys and models were actually constructed, e.g., by Archytas of Tarentum, Hero, Daedalus and other real persons.”
400 – 301 BC: Aristotle invented syllogistic logic, the first formal deductive reasoning system.
1206 AD : Al-Jazari, an Arab inventor, designed what is believed to be the first programmable humanoid robot, a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks (Drink-serving waitress), a hand washing automaton incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets, a more sophisticated hand washing device featuring humanoid automata as servants which offer soap and towels (Peacock fountain) and a boat carrying four mechanical musicians powered by water flow.
1308 AD: Ramon Llull, Catalan poet, and Spanish theologian invented machines for discovering nonmathematical truths through combinatorics. Publisher of Ars generalizes ultima (The Ultimate General Art), further perfecting his method of using paper-based mechanical means to create new knowledge from combinations of concepts.
1456 AD: Invention of printing using moveable type. Gutenberg Bible printed (1456).
1515 AD: Clockmakers extended their craft to creating mechanical animals and other novelties. For example, see DaVinci's walking lion.
1601-1700 AD :
Pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating machine (1642).
Arithmetical machines devised by Sir Samuel Morland between 1662 and 1666
Leibniz improved Pascal's machine to do multiplication & division with a machine called the Step Reckoner (1673) and envisioned a universal calculus of reasoning by which arguments could be decided mechanically.
1701 – 1800 :
This century saw a profusion of mechanical toys, including the celebrated mechanical duck of Vaucanson and von Kempelen's phony mechanical chess player, The Turk (1769).
1801 – 1900 :
Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom, the first programmable machine, with instructions on punched cards (1801).
Charles Babbage & Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, the Analytical Engine (1832).
George Boole developed a binary algebra representing (some) "laws of thought," published in The Laws of Thought (1854).
1901 – 2000 :
The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo demonstrates the first chess-playing machine 'Ajedrecista', using electromagnets under the board to play king and rook against king endgames without any human intervention, possibly the first computer game (1912).
Czech writer Karel Čapek introduces the word "robot" in his play "R.U.R." (Rossum's Universal Robots) produced in 1921 (London opening, 1923). - The word "robot" comes from the word "robota" (work).
Makoto Nishimura designs Gakutensoku, Japanese for "learning from the laws of nature," the first robot built in Japan. It could change its facial expression and move its head and hands via an air pressure mechanism (1929).
Warren S. McCulloch & Walter Pitts publish “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics (1943).
A.M. Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950). - Introduction of the Turing Test as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior.
Isaac Asimov published his three laws of robotics (1950).
August 31, 1955, The term “artificial intelligence” is coined in a proposal for a “2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence” submitted by John McCarthy (Dartmouth College), Marvin Minsky (Harvard University), Nathaniel Rochester (IBM), and Claude Shannon (Bell Telephone Laboratories). The workshop, which took place a year later, in July and August 1956, is generally considered as the official birthdate of the new field.
1956: John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" as the topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the subject. Demonstration of the first running AI program, the Logic Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon. See Over the holidays 50 years ago, two scientists hatched artificial intelligence.
1957: The General Problem Solver (GPS) demonstrated by Newell, Shaw & Simon.
1958: John McCarthy invents LISP programming language which becomes the most popular programming language used in artificial intelligence.
1961: The first industrial robot, Unimate, starts working on an assembly line in a General Motors plant in New Jersey.
1964: Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.
1965: Joseph Weizenbaum develops ELIZA, an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in the English language on any topic. Weizenbaum, who wanted to demonstrate the superficiality of communication between man and machine, was surprised by the number of people who attributed human-like feelings to the computer program.
1970: The first anthropomorphic robot, the WABOT-1, is built at Waseda University in Japan. It consisted of a limb-control system, a vision system and a conversation system.
1973: The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.
1979: The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
1986: First driverless car, a Mercedes-Benz van equipped with cameras and sensors, built at Bundeswehr University in Munich under the direction of Ernst Dickmanns, drives up to 55 mph on empty streets.
1990: Major advances in all areas of AI "Significant demonstrations in machine learning, Case-based reasoning, Multi-agent planning, Scheduling, Data mining, Web Crawler, natural language understanding, and translation, Vision, Virtual Reality and Games"
1997: The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
2000: Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.
2004: The first DARPA Grand Challenge, a prize competition for autonomous vehicles, is held in the Mojave Desert. None of the autonomous vehicles finished the 150-mile route.
2006: Oren Etzioni, Michele Banko, and Michael Cafarella coin the term “machine reading,” defining it as an inherently unsupervised “autonomous understanding of text.”
2007: Fei Fei Li and colleagues at Princeton University start to assemble ImageNet, a large database of annotated images designed to aid in visual object recognition software research.
2009: Rajat Raina, Anand Madhavan and Andrew Ng publish “Large-scale Deep Unsupervised Learning using Graphics Processors,” arguing that “modern graphics processors far surpass the computational capabilities of multicore CPUs, and have the potential to revolutionize the applicability of deep unsupervised learning methods.”
Google starts developing, in secret, a driverless car. In 2014, it became the first to pass, in Nevada, a U.S. state self-driving test.
Computer scientists at the Intelligent Information Laboratory at Northwestern University develop Stats Monkey, a program that writes sport news stories without human intervention
2010: Launch of the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVCR), an annual AI object recognition competition.
2011: A convolutional neural network wins the German Traffic Sign Recognition competition with 99.46% accuracy (vs. humans at 99.22%). Researchers at the IDSIA in Switzerland report a 0.27% error rate in handwriting recognition using convolutional neural networks, a significant improvement over the 0.35%-0.40% error rate in previous years.
June 2012: Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng report on an experiment in which they showed a very large neural network 10 million unlabeled images randomly taken from YouTube videos, and “to our amusement, one of our artificial neurons learned to respond strongly to pictures of... cats.”
October 2012: A convolutional neural network designed by researchers at the University of Toronto achieve an error rate of only 16% in the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a significant improvement over the 25% error rate achieved by the best entry the year before.
March 2016: Google DeepMind's AlphaGo defeats Go champion Lee Sedol.
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